A lot of what we were investigating was related to following the money and so she wanted us to be this multidisciplinary unit. But I have to say, we started with the goal of wanting to make T-shirts, and we never did that while I was there. Your decisions have also gotten a lot of attention. We're public servants!

And in order for the public to have faith and trust us, they need to understand what it is that we're doing and what we're saying. Humor is one way, not using a lot of legalese is another way. But I think there are many judges who are trying to make the judiciary more accessible, and so people can see the work that we're doing and understand what we're doing and then make their own opinions about if it's right or wrong.

But at least, if it's understandable, then there's still some trust in the framework even if you don't agree with how our decisions are stated. We are ambassadors for the judiciary to the people in our courtroom — it's a very frightening proposition being in court if you've been federally charged, and people have perceptions of what they think can happen there in terms of fairness or unfairness. But then it goes far beyond that. I do a lot of work with the Administrative Office of the Courts, our central body doing civic education and outreach to high schools, because I want college and high school students and law students to have an experience where they get a chance to talk to a judge.

So my goal is certainly not just getting to one segment of the population, but it's making decisions accessible to whoever's interested in reading them. What has it felt like for you switching from that prosecutor role to magistrate judge? Lawyers are trying to take different frameworks from one topic and apply them to another, and then convince you that that is or is not appropriate. Being a judge is very different because you're evaluating what the parties present to you as the applicable legal frameworks, and deciding how new, groundbreaking technology fits into legal frameworks that were written 10 or 15 years ago.

But that's not really a place where judges get involved in saying how it ought to be regulated. There was, famously, a judge in Florida that said cryptocurrency was not money because you couldn't put it underneath your bed, and that's what money is: something that is tangible.

So different people are going to have different decisions. And that's not just true for crypto, but also other areas of the law. Your best-known crypto decisions strongly assert that crypto is traceable. One way people try to make it less traceable is with mixers, and Tornado Cash was sanctioned by OFAC not too long ago. Do you think the legal reasoning was sound enough for similar sanctions to be applied to other mixers, or decentralized exchanges?

I don't know. I think there's been some discussion that people may litigate some of these things, so I can't comment, because those frequently do come to our courthouse.

And I think there are certainly people opining on that, yes and no. So much of what judges do is that we rely on the parties that are before us to tell us what's right and what's wrong. And then, you know, obviously, they'll have different views, and we make a decision based on what people say in front of us.

Are you aware that some legal analysis of the Tornado Cash sanctions references your recent decision in a cryptocurrency sanctions case? That's what good lawyers will always do. Even legislators might look at that as they try to think about where the gaps are. As a prosecutor I had a case where we sued three Chinese banks to give us their bank records, and it had never been done before.

Afterwards, Congress passed a new law, using the decisions from judges in this court and the D. circuit court, the court above us. So I'm sure people look at prior decisions and try to apply them in the ways that they want to. Are there any misconceptions about how the law applies to crypto, or how your decisions should be interpreted, that you wish you could get across? One misconception is that the judges can't understand this technology — we can.

People have these views in two extremes. The lawyer's fundamental job is to take super complex and technical things and boil them down to very easily digestible arguments for a judge, for a jury, or whoever it might be. The financial technology transformation is driving competition, creating consumer choice, and shaping the future of finance. Hear from seven fintech leaders who are reshaping the future of finance, and join the inaugural Financial Technology Association Fintech Summit to learn more.

Financial technology is breaking down barriers to financial services and delivering value to consumers, small businesses, and the economy. Fintech puts American consumers at the center of their finances and helps them manage their money responsibly. From payment apps to budgeting and investing tools and alternative credit options, fintech makes it easier for consumers to pay for their purchases and build better financial habits.

Fintech also arms small businesses with the financial tools for success, including low-cost banking services, digital accounting services, and expanded access to capital. We advocate for modernized financial policies and regulations that allow fintech innovation to drive competition in the economy and expand consumer choice. Spots are still available for this hybrid event, and you can RSVP here to save your seat.

Join us as we discuss how to shape the future of finance. In its broadest sense, Open Banking has created a secure and connected ecosystem that has led to an explosion of new and innovative solutions that benefit the customer, rapidly revolutionizing not just the banking industry but the way all companies do business.

Target benefits are delivered through speed, transparency, and security, and their impact can be seen across a diverse range of use cases. Sharing financial data across providers can enable a customer individual or business to have real-time access to multiple bank accounts across multiple institutions all in one platform, saving time and helping consumers get a more accurate picture of their own finances before taking on debt, providing a more reliable indication than most lending guidelines currently do.

Companies can also create carefully refined marketing profiles and therefore, finely tune their services to the specific need. Open Banking platforms like Klarna Kosma also provide a unique opportunity for businesses to overlay additional tools that add real value for users and deepen their customer relationships.

The increased transparency brought about by Open Banking brings a vast array of additional benefits, such as helping fraud detection companies better monitor customer accounts and identify problems much earlier. The list of new value-add solutions continues to grow.

The speed of business has never been faster than it is today. For small business owners, time is at a premium as they are wearing multiple hats every day. Macroeconomic challenges like inflation and supply chain issues are making successful money and cash flow management even more challenging. This presents a tremendous opportunity that innovation in fintech can solve by speeding up money movement, increasing access to capital, and making it easier to manage business operations in a central place.

Fintech offers innovative products and services where outdated practices and processes offer limited options. For example, fintech is enabling increased access to capital for business owners from diverse and varying backgrounds by leveraging alternative data to evaluate creditworthiness and risk models. This can positively impact all types of business owners, but especially those underserved by traditional financial service models. When we look across the Intuit QuickBooks platform and the overall fintech ecosystem, we see a variety of innovations fueled by AI and data science that are helping small businesses succeed.

By efficiently embedding and connecting financial services like banking, payments, and lending to help small businesses, we can reinvent how SMBs get paid and enable greater access to the vital funds they need at critical points in their journey. Overall, we see fintech as empowering people who have been left behind by antiquated financial systems, giving them real-time insights, tips, and tools they need to turn their financial dreams into a reality.

Innovations in payments and financial technologies have helped transform daily life for millions of people. People who are unbanked often rely on more expensive alternative financial products AFPs such as payday loans, money orders, and other expensive credit facilities that typically charge higher fees and interest rates, making it more likely that people have to dip into their savings to stay afloat.

A few examples include:. Mobile wallets - The unbanked may not have traditional bank accounts but can have verified mobile wallet accounts for shopping and bill payments. Their mobile wallet identity can be used to open a virtual bank account for secure and convenient online banking. Minimal to no-fee banking services - Fintech companies typically have much lower acquisition and operating costs than traditional financial institutions. They are then able to pass on these savings in the form of no-fee or no-minimum-balance products to their customers.

This enables immigrants and other populations that may be underbanked to move up the credit lifecycle to get additional forms of credit such as auto, home and education loans, etc. Entrepreneurs from every background, in every part of the world, should be empowered to start and scale global businesses. Most businesses still face daunting challenges with very basic matters.

These are still very manually intensive processes, and they are barriers to entrepreneurship in the form of paperwork, PDFs, faxes, and forms. Stripe is working to solve these rather mundane and boring challenges, almost always with an application programming interface that simplifies complex processes into a few clicks. Stripe powers nearly half a million businesses in rural America. The internet economy is just beginning to make a real difference for businesses of all sizes in all kinds of places.

We are excited about this future. The way we make decisions on credit should be fair and inclusive and done in a way that takes into account a greater picture of a person. Lenders can better serve their borrowers with more data and better math.

Zest AI has successfully built a compliant, consistent, and equitable AI-automated underwriting technology that lenders can utilize to help make their credit decisions. While artificial intelligence AI systems have been a tool historically used by sophisticated investors to maximize their returns, newer and more advanced AI systems will be the key innovation to democratize access to financial systems in the future. D espite privacy, ethics, and bias issues that remain to be resolved with AI systems, the good news is that as large r datasets become progressively easier to interconnect, AI and related natural language processing NLP technology innovations are increasingly able to equalize access.

T he even better news is that this democratization is taking multiple forms. AI can be used to provide risk assessments necessary to bank those under-served or denied access. AI systems can also retrieve troves of data not used in traditional credit reports, including personal cash flow, payment applications usage, on-time utility payments, and other data buried within large datasets, to create fair and more accurate risk assessments essential to obtain credit and other financial services.

By expanding credit availability to historically underserved communities, AI enables them to gain credit and build wealth.

Additionally, personalized portfolio management will become available to more people with the implementation and advancement of AI. Sophisticated financial advice and routine oversight, typically reserved for traditional investors, will allow individuals, including marginalized and low-income people, to maximize the value of their financial portfolios.

Moreover, when coupled with NLP technologies, even greater democratization can result as inexperienced investors can interact with AI systems in plain English, while providing an easier interface to financial markets than existing execution tools. Open finance technology enables millions of people to use the apps and services that they rely on to manage their financial lives — from overdraft protection, to money management, investing for retirement, or building credit.

More than 8 in 10 Americans are now using digital finance tools powered by open finance. This is because consumers see something they like or want — a new choice, more options, or lower costs. What is open finance?

At its core, it is about putting consumers in control of their own data and allowing them to use it to get a better deal. When people can easily switch to another company and bring their financial history with them, that presents real competition to legacy services and forces everyone to improve, with positive results for consumers. For example, we see the impact this is having on large players being forced to drop overdraft fees or to compete to deliver products consumers want.

We see the benefits of open finance first hand at Plaid, as we support thousands of companies, from the biggest fintechs, to startups, to large and small banks. All are building products that depend on one thing - consumers' ability to securely share their data to use different services. Open finance has supported more inclusive, competitive financial systems for consumers and small businesses in the U. and across the globe — and there is room to do much more.

As an example, the National Consumer Law Consumer recently put out a new report that looked at consumers providing access to their bank account data so their rent payments could inform their mortgage underwriting and help build credit.

This is part of the promise of open finance. At Plaid, we believe a consumer should have a right to their own data, and agency over that data, no matter where it sits. This will be essential to securing benefits of open finance for consumers for many years to come. As AWS preps for its annual re:Invent conference, Adam Selipsky talks product strategy, support for hybrid environments, and the value of the cloud in uncertain economic times.

Donna Goodison dgoodison is Protocol's senior reporter focusing on enterprise infrastructure technology, from the 'Big 3' cloud computing providers to data centers. She previously covered the public cloud at CRN after 15 years as a business reporter for the Boston Herald. AWS is gearing up for re:Invent, its annual cloud computing conference where announcements this year are expected to focus on its end-to-end data strategy and delivering new industry-specific services.

Both prongs of that are important. But cost-cutting is a reality for many customers given the worldwide economic turmoil, and AWS has seen an increase in customers looking to control their cloud spending. By the way, they should be doing that all the time. The motivation's just a little bit higher in the current economic situation. This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity. Besides the sheer growth of AWS, what do you think has changed the most while you were at Tableau?

Were you surprised by anything? The number of customers who are now deeply deployed on AWS, deployed in the cloud, in a way that's fundamental to their business and fundamental to their success surprised me. There was a time years ago where there were not that many enterprise CEOs who were well-versed in the cloud. It's not just about deploying technology. The conversation that I most end up having with CEOs is about organizational transformation. It is about how they can put data at the center of their decision-making in a way that most organizations have never actually done in their history.

And it's about using the cloud to innovate more quickly and to drive speed into their organizations. In Virginia Prince began another publication, also called Transvestia , that discussed transgender concerns. In , she founded the Hose and Heels Club for cross-dressers, which soon changed its name to Phi Pi Epsilon, a name designed to evoke Greek-letter sororities and to play on the initials FPE, the acronym for Prince's philosophy of "Full Personality Expression".

Prince believed that the binary gender system harmed both men and women by keeping them from their full human potential, and she considered cross-dressing to be one means of fixing this. Reed Erickson , a transsexual man, founded the Erickson Educational Foundation in EEF supplied information at no cost to transgender people, family members, and professionals and provided funding for the publication of Richard Green and John Money 's edited text Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment and other books about sex and gender.

In the late s in New York, Mario Martino founded the Labyrinth Foundation Counseling Service, which was the first transgender community-based organization that specifically addressed the needs of transsexual men. Transgender people also gained some exposure through popular culture, in particular the work of Andy Warhol. In the s and early s the transgender actresses Holly Woodlawn and Candy Darling were among Warhol's Warhol Superstars , appearing in several of his films.

On April 25, , over people were denied service at Dewey's, a local coffee shop and diner at South 17th Street in Philadelphia, near Rittenhouse Square. Those denied service were variously described at the time as "homosexuals", "masculine women", "feminine men", and "persons wearing non-conformist clothing".

Three teenagers reported by the Janus Society and Drum magazine to be two males and one female staged a sit-in that day. After restaurant managers contacted police, the three were arrested. In the process of offering legal support for the teens, local activist and president of the homophile organization the Janus Society, Clark Polak, was also arrested. Demonstrations took place outside the establishment over the next five days with flyers being distributed by the Janus Society and its supporters.

Three people staged a second sit-in on May 2, The police were again called, but refused to make arrests this time. The Janus Society said the protests were successful in preventing further arrests and the action was deemed "the first sit-in of its kind in the history of the United States" by Drum magazine. The word transgender was coined in by psychiatrist John F.

Oliven of Columbia University in his reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology. The following year, in , one of the first recorded transgender riots in US history took place. The Compton's Cafeteria Riot occurred in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. The night after the riot, more transgender people, hustlers, Tenderloin street people, and other members of the LGBT community joined in a picket of the cafeteria, which would not allow transgender people back in.

The demonstration ended with the newly installed plate-glass windows being smashed again. The riot marked the beginning of transgender activism in San Francisco. com , "In the aftermath of the riot at Compton's, a network of transgender social, psychological, and medical support services was established, which culminated in with the creation of the National Transsexual Counseling Unit [NTCU], the first such peer-run support and advocacy organization in the world".

Some people who later went on to be involved in transgender activism were involved in the Stonewall riots of at the Stonewall Inn in New York.

This week-long violent uprising in the gay bars and streets of Greenwich Village is widely considered to be a turning point in for the LGBT rights movement in America, as it marked the transition from the more assimilationist, respectability politics of groups like the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis to the birth of the radical gay liberation movement and the founding of groups like the Gay Liberation Front , with its Drag Queen Caucus, members of whom later founded Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries and the Queens Liberation Front.

Gender-nonconforming and trans activists including Marsha P. Johnson , Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona were confirmed to be "in the vanguard" of the rioting on the first night. Many support organizations for male cross-dressers began in the s and s, with most beginning as offshoots of Virginia Prince's organizations from the early s.

TAO moved to Miami in , where it came to include several Puerto Rican and Cuban members, and soon grew into the first international transgender community organization. Another significant event for activism occurred in , with the first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights held in Washington, D. It drew between 75, and , [56] transgender people, lesbians, bisexual people, gay men, and straight allies to demand equal civil rights and urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation.

The s also saw conflict between the transgender and lesbian communities in America. A dispute began in , when the West Coast Lesbian Conference split over a scheduled performance by the lesbian transgender folk singer Beth Elliott.

Raymond claimed this was done in order "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality", adding: "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves Transsexuals merely cut off the most obvious means of invading women, so that they seem non-invasive.

In , prior to publication, Raymond had sent a draft of the chapter attacking Stone to the Olivia collective "for comment", apparently in anticipation of outing Stone. Raymond appeared unaware that Stone had informed the collective of her transgender status before agreeing to join. The collective did return comments to Raymond, suggesting that her description of transgender people and of Stone's place in and effect on the collective was at odds with the reality of the collective's interaction with Stone.

Raymond responded by increasing the virulence of her attack on Stone in the published version of the manuscript:. Masculine behavior is notably obtrusive. Sandy Stone, the transsexual engineer with Olivia Records, an "all-women" recording company, illustrates this well. Stone is not only crucial to the Olivia enterprise but plays a very dominant role there. visibility he achieved in the aftermath of the Olivia controversy only serves to enhance his previously dominant role and to divide women, as men frequently do, when they make their presence necessary and vital to women.

As one woman wrote: "I feel raped when Olivia passes off Sandy as a real woman. After all his male privilege, is he going to cash in on lesbian feminist culture too?

The collective responded in turn by publicly defending Stone in various feminist publications of the time. Stone continued as a member of the collective and continued to record Olivia artists until political dissension over her transgender status, exacerbated by Janice's book, culminated in in the threat of a boycott of Olivia products.

After long debate, Stone left the collective and returned to Santa Cruz. By the late s, despite increasing recognition in medical circles, the battle for acceptance was far from won and some of the reverses of this period included the dissolution of some of the first transsexual advocacy groups including the NTCU, and the loss of support in both gay and feminist circles.

In , transgender people were officially classified by the American Psychiatric Association as having " gender identity disorder ". The s saw the founding of a number of newsletters and magazines of central importance to trans people. In the s, most of the subscribers to Rupert Raj 's Toronto-based publications, Metamorphosis and Gender NetWorker , were Americans. Metamorphosis was founded by Raj in early as a bi-monthly newsletter. By the third issue, the newsletter averaged around 8 pages, whereas in , most issues were 24 pages; the last issue was in In transgender activist Lou Sullivan founded the support group that grew into FTM International , the leading advocacy group for transgender men, and began publishing The FTM Newsletter.

This publication was directed specifically towards "helping professionals and resource providers". The term "transgender" as an umbrella term to refer to all gender non-conforming people became more commonplace in the late s. In a transgender woman named Nancy Burkholder was removed from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival when security guards realized she was transgender.

After that there were demonstrations against the Festival's women-born-women only policy. These demonstrations were known as Camp Trans. Several transgender organizations were founded in the s and early s. In , Dallas Denny launched the c 3 nonprofit American Educational Gender Information Service, which provided information and referrals to trans people, their families, and the press, and published the respected journal Chrysalis Quarterly.

In , all the national transgender organizations got together and formed the board of GenderPAC, the first national political advocacy organization devoted to the right to one's gender identity. GenderPAC organized the first National Gender Lobby Day on Capitol Hill the following year, with help from activists Phyllis Frye and Jane Fee.

It also launched a Corporate Diversity Pledge of Fortune companies that had added "gender identity" to their non-discrimination policies since HRC's at that point was only "sexual orientation" as well as a similar Congressional Diversity Pledge.

However, GenderPAC saw its focus as also including gender non-conforming gays and lesbians who were discriminated against, causing a split in the organization. In the National Transgender Advocacy Coalition was founded by a group of experienced transgender lobbyists. The Transgender Foundation of America was founded in The LGBT rights group Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays PFLAG , founded in , also became more supportive of transgender people at this time.

In gender identity was added to their mission after a vote at their annual meeting in San Francisco. At this time the transgender community became more visible.

A high school teacher in Lake Forest, Illinois, Karen Kopriva, became the first American teacher to transition on the job in There was considerable media uproar, but when another teacher followed the next year in a different suburb hardly anyone noticed. In Spokane Trans created their own version of the transgender pride flag.

They describe it on their web site as follows: "The top two stripes represent male blue to female pink. Then the female pink to male blue along the bottom. Transgender visibility in the LGBT community also gathered force in the s.

In , Pete Chvany, Luigi Ferrer, James Green, Loraine Hutchins and Monica McLemore presented at the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex Health Summit, held in Boulder, Colorado, marking the first time transgender people, bisexual people, and intersex people were recognized as co-equal partners on the national level rather than gay and lesbian "allies" or tokens.

Michael Bailey was announced as a finalist in the Transgender category of the Lambda Literary Awards. Transgender people immediately protested the nomination and gathered thousands of petition signatures in opposition within a few days.

After the petition, the Foundation's judges examined the book more closely, decided that they considered it transphobic and removed it from their list of finalists. Politics increasingly began to include openly transgender people. In Theresa Sparks was the first openly transgender woman ever named "Woman of the Year" by the California State Assembly, [91] and in she was elected president of the San Francisco Police Commission by a single vote, making her the first openly transgender person ever to be elected president of any San Francisco commission, as well as San Francisco's highest ranking openly transgender official.

Transgender history also began to be recognized around this time. In Leslie Feinberg published Transgender Warriors, a history of transgender people. Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan.

Transgender people also made groundbreaking strides in entertainment. In Jessica Crockett became the first transgender female actress to play a transgender character on television, on James Cameron 's TV series Dark Angel. The monologues were read by eighteen notable transgender women, and a new monologue revolving around the experiences and struggles of transgender women was included.

The American transgender community also achieved some firsts in religion around this time. In at the Reform Jewish seminary Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York the Reform rabbi Margaret Wenig organized the first school-wide seminar at any rabbinical school which addressed the psychological, legal, and religious issues affecting people who are transsexual or intersex.

In Joy Ladin became the first openly transgender professor at an Orthodox Jewish institution Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University. In the s openly transgender people became increasingly prominent in entertainment. Chaz Bono became a highly visible transgender celebrity when he appeared on the 13th season of the US version of Dancing with the Stars in , which was the first time an openly transgender man starred on a major network television show for something unrelated to being transgender.

OWN the Oprah Winfrey Network acquired the rights to the documentary and debuted it on May 10, Also in , Harmony Santana became the first openly transgender actress to receive a major acting award nomination when she was nominated by the Independent Spirit Awards as Best Supporting Actress for the movie Gun Hill Road.

In the s transgender people also made more inroads in politics. In Amanda Simpson became the first openly transgender presidential appointee in America when she was appointed as senior technical adviser in the Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security. However, she resigned before she was sworn in and was never seated. It was revealed that she was a convicted felon and was still on probation, having served four months in Belknap County House of Corrections following a credit card fraud conviction.

It was later determined that she was ineligible to serve in the New Hampshire State Legislature. state's legislature and serve her term. In openly transgender people became more visible. That year Laverne Cox was on the cover of the June 9, , issue of Time , and was interviewed for the article "The Transgender Tipping Point" by Katy Steinmetz, which ran in that issue and the title of which was also featured on the cover; this made Cox the first openly transgender person on the cover of Time.

to adopt a policy explicitly welcoming openly transgender students, followed by Mount Holyoke becoming the first Seven Sisters college to accept transgender students.

Gay Philadelphia. Following her divorce in , Caitlyn Jenner came out in a television interview as a transgender woman. As for political organizations fighting for LGBT rights, in Allyson Robinson , who graduated West Point as Daniel Robinson, was appointed as the first Executive Director of OutServe - SLDN , the association of LGBT people serving in the military, making her the first openly transgender person to lead a national LGBT organization that does not have an explicit transgender focus.

Office of Human Rights. There were also two firsts for transgender people in sports in the s. Kye Allums became the first openly transgender athlete to play NCAA basketball in Olympic team, but he failed to qualify and did not go to the Olympics. Three groups — the Girl Scouts, the North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance , and the Episcopal Church in the United States — announced their acceptance of transgender people in this decade.

In , after the initial rejection of Bobby Montoya, a transgender girl, from the Girl Scouts of Colorado, the Girl Scouts of Colorado announced that "Girl Scouts is an inclusive organization and we accept all girls in Kindergarten through 12th grade as members. If a child identifies as a girl and the child's family presents her as a girl, Girl Scouts of Colorado welcomes her as a Girl Scout.

Another significant change for transgender people occurred in when the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 was released. This edition eliminated the term "gender identity disorder", which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to " gender dysphoria ", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity. It was announced on June 30, , that, beginning on that date, otherwise qualified United States service members could no longer be discharged, denied reenlistment, involuntarily separated, or denied continuation of service because of being transgender.

Then on October 4 of that year, the Civil Division of the Department of Justice filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint in Jane Doe v. Trump about the new policy and to oppose the application for a preliminary injunction, arguing instead "that challenge is premature several times over" and that Secretary Mattis's Interim Guidance, issued on September 14, , protected currently serving transgender personnel from involuntary discharge or denial of reenlistment.

The ruling effectively reinstated the policies established prior to President Trump's tweets announcing the reinstatement of the ban, namely the retention and accession policies for transgender personnel effective on June 30, Sarah McBride was a speaker at the Democratic National Convention in July , becoming the first openly transgender person to address a major party convention in American history.

In Lambda Literary Foundation established an annual scholarship in honor of trans woman Bryn Kelly, a Lambda Literary Fellow who committed suicide in January On January 30, , the Boy Scouts of America announced that transgender boys would be allowed to enroll in boys-only programs, effective immediately. Previously, the sex listed on an applicant's birth certificate determined eligibility for these programs; going forward, the decision would be based on the gender listed on the application.

Also in , the Trump administration , through the Department of Justice , reversed the Obama-era policy which used Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to protect transgender employees from discrimination. Also in , The Advocate named "Transgender Americans" as its "Person of the Year", and listed Danica Roem a transgender woman as a finalist.

On June 14, , the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, the Brooklyn Liberation March, took place; it stretched from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn , drawing an estimated 15, to 20, participants, and focused on supporting black trans lives. Bostock v. Clayton County , U. Sandy Stone is an openly transgender woman whose essay, titled "The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto", and published in in response to the anti-transsexual book Transsexual Empire , has been cited as the origin of transgender studies.

In , Campus Pride , founded in , issued its first list of the most welcoming places for trans students to go to college. In , Mills College became the first single-sex college in the U.

to adopt a policy explicitly welcoming openly transgender students. The policy states that applicants not assigned to the female sex at birth but who self-identify as women are welcome, as are applicants who identify as neither male or female if they were assigned to the female sex at birth.

It also states that students assigned to the female sex at birth who have legally become male prior to applying are not eligible unless they apply to the graduate program, which is coeducational, although female students who become male after enrolling may stay and graduate.

In , Schools In Transition: A Guide for Supporting Transgender Students in K Schools was introduced; it is a first-of-its-kind publication for school administrations, teachers, and parents about how to provide safe and supportive environments for all transgender students in kindergarten through twelfth grade.

In , guidance was issued by the Departments of Justice and Education stating that schools which receive federal money must treat a student's gender identity as their sex for example, in regard to bathrooms. In , University of Tennessee graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first transgender woman to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship.

Two non-binary scholars were also selected for the class. In , Paula Grossman was fired from her year position as an elementary music teacher in Bernards Township, New Jersey after coming out as transgender. In August , it was revealed that New Jersey public school teacher Mr. Herb McCaffrey had undergone gender-reassignment surgery in the middle of the previous school year and would return as Ms. Kerri Nicole McCaffrey, becoming the first openly transgender teacher in New Jersey in over thirty years.

Because McCaffrey was non-tenured, she hid her identity until the end of that school year and only revealed her changed name and status publicly that summer. Despite controversy, McCaffrey kept her 5th grade teaching job. She still teaches in Mendham Boro, New Jersey as of In , Kylar Broadus , founder of the Trans People of Color Coalition of Columbia, Missouri, spoke to the Senate in favor of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act.

The Obama administration announced on June 30, that, effective immediately, otherwise qualified United States service members could no longer be discharged, denied reenlistment, involuntarily separated, or denied continuation of service because of being transgender.

Although several judges issued injunctions to delay Trump's proposal, the Supreme Court ultimately allowed the Trump administration to proceed with its plan. From April , existing transgender personnel could continue to serve, but new transgender personnel could not join.

In , the Trump administration , through the Department of Justice , reversed the Obama-era policy which used Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to protect transgender employees from discrimination. Marci Bowers , a gynecologic surgeon and transgender woman, joined the practice of Dr. Stanley Biber in Trinidad, Colorado, and is acknowledged as the first woman and first trans woman to perform many vaginoplasties.

Sheila Kirk, [] another trans woman, performed fewer than 10 vaginoplasties earlier while at the University of Pittsburgh. She now practices primarily in Burlingame, California, and initiated transgender surgical training programs for vaginoplasty in Tel Aviv, Israel at Sheba Hospital , at Mt. Bowers also performed the first two "live vaginoplasties" at the WPATH.

GEI courses at New York's Mt. Sinai Hospital in and In February , Norman Spack co-founded Boston Children's Hospital 's Gender Management Service GeMS clinic; it is America's first clinic to treat transgender children. In , America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age In , the Center of Excellence for Transgender Health published the first-ever protocols for transgender primary care.

Also in , the Veterans Health Administration issued a directive stipulating that all transgender and intersex veterans are entitled to the same level of care "without discrimination" as other veterans, consistent across all Veterans Administration healthcare facilities.

In , the American Psychiatric Association issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.

In , the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 was released. Also in , at the request of a panel of endocrinologists, U.

In , the American Psychological Association 's Council of Representatives adopted "Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People" at the Association's rd Annual Convention. In , the Defense Health Agency for the first time approved payment for sex reassignment surgery for an active-duty U. military service member. The patient, an infantry soldier who identifies as a woman, had already begun a course of treatment for gender reassignment.

The procedure, which the treating doctor deemed medically necessary, was performed on November 14 at a private hospital, since military hospitals lack the requisite surgical expertise. Legal issues regarding transgender persons in the United States began in with Mtr.

of Anonymous v. Weiner , concerning a person who wanted their birth certificate name and sex updated following sex reassignment surgery. Changes to passports, licenses, birth certificates, and other official documents remained a theme from the 60s through , when the State Department allowed gender on U.

passports to be altered. Other major themes in transgender-related legislation or regulatory action included provisions to protect against discrimination in housing, employment, health care, public restroom usage, the military, insurance coverage, and other areas of public life.

On January 25, , U. President Joe Biden issued an executive order which revoked the transgender military ban. In Conservative Judaism 's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved a rabbinic ruling on the status of transsexuals. The ruling concluded that individuals who have undergone full sexual reassignment surgery, and whose sexual reassignment has been recognized by civil authorities, are considered to have changed their sex status according to Jewish law.

Furthermore, it concluded that sexual reassignment surgery is an acceptable treatment under Jewish law for individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria. In the American Medical Association adopted a policy stating that transgender people should not be required to undergo genital surgery in order to update legal identification documents, including birth certificates.

Also in , Facebook introduced dozens of options for users to specify their gender, including a custom gender option, as well as allowing users to select between three pronouns: "him", "her" or "their". Also in , Google Plus introduced a new gender category called "Custom", which generates a freeform text field and a pronoun field, and also provides users with an option to limit who can see their gender.

In Thomas Beatie , an American transgender man, became pregnant, making international news. He wrote an article about his experience of pregnancy in The Advocate. In , Transgender Health reported that a transgender woman in the United States breastfed her adopted baby; this was the first known case of a transgender woman breastfeeding. In Brandon Teena , a transgender man, was raped and murdered in Nebraska.

In he became the subject of a biopic entitled Boys Don't Cry , starring Hilary Swank as Brandon Teena, for which Swank won an Academy Award. The Transgender Day of Remembrance was founded in by Gwendolyn Ann Smith , an American transgender graphic designer, columnist, and activist, [79] to memorialize the murder of transgender woman Rita Hester in Massachusetts in In Gwen Araujo , a transgender woman, was murdered in California by four cisgender men after they discovered she was transgender.

The case made international news and became a rallying cause for the transgender and ultimately the larger LGBT community. In Angie Zapata , a transgender woman, was murdered in Greeley, Colorado. Allen Andrade was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a bias-motivated crime , because he killed her after he learned that she was transgender.

Andrade was the first person in the US to be convicted of a hate crime involving a transgender victim. In , 21 transgender women were murdered, most being women of color. In , the death toll reached 21 just through September, placing on pace to be the deadliest year on record.

In , then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that he had instructed federal authorities to review murders of transgender people that occurred recently, to see if they were hate crimes or if there was one person or group responsible for them. In March and April , four transgender women were killed in Puerto Rico, the body of two victims found in a charred car.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Gender identities. Outline Timeline United Kingdom United States Compton's Cafeteria riot Stonewall riots Intersex. Health care. Gender clinic Gender dysphoria in children Sex assignment Sex reassignment therapy Hormone therapy feminizing masculinizing Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy Gender-affirming surgery female-to-male male-to-female Facial feminization surgery Facial masculinization surgery Hair removal Pregnancy Reproduction Voice therapy WPATH Standards of Care.

Rights and legal issues. Asylum Discrimination Anti-gender movement Inequality Non-binary Transgender men Transmisogyny Legal status Rights movement Non-binary, third gender Organizations Military service Toilets Bathroom bills Unisex Violence Trans bashing Trans panic Unlawful killings Violence against LGBT people Yogyakarta Principles.

Society and culture. LGBT-related films Events Awareness Week Day of Remembrance Day of Visibility March LGBT Flag History Media portrayals Fictional characters Literature Film Television People Non-binary Publications Religion Sports Gender transitioning Gender detransitioning Transgender youth suicide more.

Theory and concepts. By country. Argentina Australia Rights Re Kevin Brazil Canada Bill C, Rights China Colombia Germany India Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, Tamil Nadu Iran Ireland New Zealand Singapore South Africa Turkey United Kingdom Rights Gender Recognition Act History United States Cafeteria riot Disenfranchisement History Legal history Rights Title IX.

See also. Gender Gender studies Intersex Queer heterosexuality LGBT Sex sex assignment Sex and gender distinction Sexual orientation Social construction of gender Takatāpui. See also: Transgender personnel in the United States military. Main article: Transgender legal history in the United States. See also: List of unlawfully killed transgender people and History of violence against LGBT people in the United States. Transgender portal. Transgender history Current issues of gender inequality in the United States for transgender people History of the transgender movement in the United States List of transgender-rights organizations in the United States Transgender people's legal rights in the United States Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States Transphobia in the United States LGBT people in prison Timeline of LGBT history in the United States.

Archived from the original on 6 September Retrieved 3 November The Advocate. Retrieved June 5, In O'Brien, Jodi ed. Encyclopedia of gender and society. Los Angeles: SAGE. ISBN Retrieved March 6, Retrieved October 17, Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr.

Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies. A Queer History of the United States. Xxx: Beacon Press. Winiarski, Darkness Falls on the Land of Light , ISBN , p. New York Times. January 9, The Amalgamation Waltz: Race, Performance, and the Ruses of Memory. University of Minnesota Press. Riley We'll find out if the CMA agrees when it completes its in-depth, "Phase 2" investigation opens in new tab into the Activision Blizzard acquisition, which is some way off yet.

For now, we'll have to content ourselves with poring over these kinds of corporate submissions for more interesting tidbits like this one. So far, we've already learned that Microsoft privately has a gloomy forecast for the future of cloud gaming opens in new tab , and that the company thinks Sony shouldn't worry so much since, hey, future COD games might be as underwhelming as Vanguard opens in new tab.

Who knows what we'll learn next? Sign up to get the best content of the week, and great gaming deals, as picked by the editors. One of Josh's first memories is of playing Quake 2 on the family computer when he was much too young to be doing that, and he's been irreparably game-brained ever since.

His writing has been featured in Vice, Fanbyte, and the Financial Times. He'll play pretty much anything, and has written far too much on everything from visual novels to Assassin's Creed.

His most profound loves are for CRPGs, immersive sims, and any game whose ambition outstrips its budget. He thinks you're all far too mean about Deus Ex: Invisible War.

This article addresses the history of transgender people in the United States from prior to western contact until the present. There are a few historical accounts of transgender people that have been present in the land now known as the United States at least since the early s. Before Western contact, some Native American tribes had third gender people whose social roles varied from tribe to tribe.

People dressing and living differently from their sex assignment at birth and contributing to various aspects of American history and culture have been documented from the 17th century to the present day. In the 20th and 21st centuries, advances in sex reassignment surgery as well as transgender activism have influenced transgender life and the popular perception of transgender people in the United States.

Some Native American Nations have longstanding names and roles for gender-variant or third-gender people. These roles only tend to exist in cultures that have rigid gender roles , which is usually only seen in patriachal communities [ citation needed ]. While this new term has not been universally accepted—it has been criticized by traditional communities who already have their own terms for the people being grouped under this new term, and by those who reject what they call the "western" binary implications, such as implying that Natives believe these individuals are "both male and female" [4] —it has generally received more acceptance and use than the anthropological term it replaced.

One of the first documented inhabitants of the American colonies to challenge binary gender roles was Thomas ine Hall , a servant who, in the s, alternately dressed in both men's and women's clothing.

Hall is likely to have been intersex , and was ordered by the Virginia court to wear both a man's breeches and a woman's apron and cap at the same time. In , the preacher Public Universal Friend reported experiencing death and returning to life as a genderless being neither male nor female. After the Friend's purported resurrection, the Friend no longer answered to former birth name and gendered pronouns, dressing androgynously and asking followers they gained while preaching throughout New England over the next four decades to avoid birth name and gendered pronouns.

Generally, according to Genny Beemyn in a Transgender History of the United States , the few historical accounts of transgender people that exist in 17th and 18th century America predominantly feature female to male transgender people, possibly because it was more difficult for male to female people to successfully present as women before the advent of hormone treatments and sex reassignment surgery.

One example she cites is Mary Henly, a female-assigned individual in Massachusetts who was charged with illegally wearing men's clothing in because it was "seeming to confound the course of nature".

Joseph Lobdell born in as Lucy Ann Lobdell lived as a man for sixty years and due to this was arrested and incarcerated in an insane asylum.

He was, however, able to marry a woman. Stagecoach driver Charley Parkhurst born in ran away from a Lebanon, New Hampshire orphanage at age 12 and lived as a man for the rest of his life. He was a celebrated carriage driver, spending some of his career serving frontier California during the Gold Rush. For at least 15 years he worked as a chicken farmer and lumberjack , and he managed to retire in Watsonville , California.

He died from tongue cancer in while living alone in a cabin. He did not marry, and he was only outed by neighbors after his death. Mary Jones born in as Peter Sewally , a free African-American, was arrested in New York City in for dressing as a woman, prostitution, and pickpocketing.

According to a contemporary report in the New York World , Jones appeared in court "attired a la mode de New York , elegantly, and in perfect style. Her dingy ears were decked with a pair of snow white earrings, her head was ornamented with a wig of beautiful curly locks, and on it was a gilded comb, which was half hid amid the luxuriant crop of wool.

and they induced me to dress in Women's Clothes, saying I looked so much better in them and I have always attended parties among the people of my own Colour dressed in this way — and in New Orleans I always dressed in this way.

A lithograph titled "The Man-Monster", showing Jones in female clothing, was published shortly afterwards. During the American Civil War — at least people who were assigned female at birth are known to have worn men's clothing and fought as soldiers.

Many may have done so because they were not allowed to fight as women and this was their means of participating in the war effort. Some were transgender and continued to live as men throughout their lives. Transgender studies in Europe, especially Germany, began to percolate back to the United States in the late s.

Writer Edward Charles Spitzka reminded American readers of Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon , governor of colonial New York remembered for cross-dressing. In a group of self-described androgynes in New York organized a club called the Cercle Hermaphroditos , based on their wish "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution".

June described himself with contemporary terms for gender and sexual variance as an invert , urning , fairie , androgyne, and "instinctive female impersonator". His stated purpose in publishing these very personal stories was to help increase acceptance of inverts, and reduce the suicide of young inverts. Murray Hall — was a politician in New York City for almost twenty-five years.

After Hall's death, it was discovered that he had been assigned female at birth. Hall had been married twice and had an adopted daughter. Although his most recent wife had predeceased him, his daughter was described as "terribly shocked. She said she always believed her foster father was a man, and never heard her foster mother say anything that would lead her to suspect otherwise.

Some cases are known of immigrants changing their gender identity upon arrival in the United States, especially trans men. One notable case is that of Frank Woodhull , who lived for around 15 years as a man and was discovered to have been "posing as a man" during processing at Ellis Island in In , Dr. Alan L. Hart , working with psychiatrist Dr.

Joshua Gilbert, was the first documented trans man in the United States to undergo hysterectomy and gonadectomy , in order to live his life as a man. I have never concealed anything regarding my [change] to men's clothing I came home to show my friends that I am ashamed of nothing. Trans woman Lucy Hicks Anderson was born in in Waddy, Kentucky.

She served as a domestic worker in her teen years, eventually becoming a socialite and madame in Oxnard, California during the s and s.

In , she was tried in Ventura County for perjury and fraud for receiving spousal allotments from the military, as her dressing and presenting as a woman was considered masquerading. She lost the case, but avoided a lengthy jail sentence, only to be tried again by the federal government shortly thereafter. She also lost this case, and was sentenced to jail time, along with her then husband Ruben Anderson.

After serving their sentences, they relocated to Los Angeles, where they lived quietly until her death in Billy Tipton was a notable American jazz musician and bandleader who lived as a man in all aspects of his life from the s until his death.

His own son did not know of his past until Tipton's death. The first newspaper article about Tipton was published the day after his funeral and was quickly picked up by wire services. Stories about Tipton appeared in a variety of papers including tabloids such as the National Enquirer and Star , as well as more reputable papers such as New York Magazine and The Seattle Times.

Tipton's family also made talk show appearances. The s and s saw some of the first transgender organizations and publications, but law and medicine did not respond favorably to growing awareness of transgender people. The most famous American transgender person of the time was Christine Jorgensen , who in became the first widely publicized person to have undergone sex reassignment surgery in this case, male to female , creating a worldwide sensation.

Virginia Prince , a transgender person who began living full time as a woman in San Francisco in the s, developed a widespread correspondence network with transgender people throughout Europe and the United States by the s. She worked closely with Alfred Kinsey to bring the needs of transgender people to the attention of social scientists and sex reformers. In , using Virginia Prince's correspondence network for its initial subscription list, a handful of other transgender people in Southern California launched Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress , which published two issues.

The Society that launched the journal also only briefly existed in Southern California. The Cooper Donuts Riot was a May incident in Los Angeles, in which transgender women, lesbian women, drag queens, and gay men rioted, one of the first LGBT uprisings in the US.

In Virginia Prince began another publication, also called Transvestia , that discussed transgender concerns. In , she founded the Hose and Heels Club for cross-dressers, which soon changed its name to Phi Pi Epsilon, a name designed to evoke Greek-letter sororities and to play on the initials FPE, the acronym for Prince's philosophy of "Full Personality Expression".

Prince believed that the binary gender system harmed both men and women by keeping them from their full human potential, and she considered cross-dressing to be one means of fixing this. Reed Erickson , a transsexual man, founded the Erickson Educational Foundation in EEF supplied information at no cost to transgender people, family members, and professionals and provided funding for the publication of Richard Green and John Money 's edited text Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment and other books about sex and gender.

In the late s in New York, Mario Martino founded the Labyrinth Foundation Counseling Service, which was the first transgender community-based organization that specifically addressed the needs of transsexual men. Transgender people also gained some exposure through popular culture, in particular the work of Andy Warhol.

In the s and early s the transgender actresses Holly Woodlawn and Candy Darling were among Warhol's Warhol Superstars , appearing in several of his films. On April 25, , over people were denied service at Dewey's, a local coffee shop and diner at South 17th Street in Philadelphia, near Rittenhouse Square.

Those denied service were variously described at the time as "homosexuals", "masculine women", "feminine men", and "persons wearing non-conformist clothing". Three teenagers reported by the Janus Society and Drum magazine to be two males and one female staged a sit-in that day. After restaurant managers contacted police, the three were arrested. In the process of offering legal support for the teens, local activist and president of the homophile organization the Janus Society, Clark Polak, was also arrested.

Demonstrations took place outside the establishment over the next five days with flyers being distributed by the Janus Society and its supporters. Three people staged a second sit-in on May 2, The police were again called, but refused to make arrests this time. The Janus Society said the protests were successful in preventing further arrests and the action was deemed "the first sit-in of its kind in the history of the United States" by Drum magazine.

The word transgender was coined in by psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University in his reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology. The following year, in , one of the first recorded transgender riots in US history took place. The Compton's Cafeteria Riot occurred in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. The night after the riot, more transgender people, hustlers, Tenderloin street people, and other members of the LGBT community joined in a picket of the cafeteria, which would not allow transgender people back in.

The demonstration ended with the newly installed plate-glass windows being smashed again. The riot marked the beginning of transgender activism in San Francisco.

com , "In the aftermath of the riot at Compton's, a network of transgender social, psychological, and medical support services was established, which culminated in with the creation of the National Transsexual Counseling Unit [NTCU], the first such peer-run support and advocacy organization in the world". Some people who later went on to be involved in transgender activism were involved in the Stonewall riots of at the Stonewall Inn in New York.

This week-long violent uprising in the gay bars and streets of Greenwich Village is widely considered to be a turning point in for the LGBT rights movement in America, as it marked the transition from the more assimilationist, respectability politics of groups like the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis to the birth of the radical gay liberation movement and the founding of groups like the Gay Liberation Front , with its Drag Queen Caucus, members of whom later founded Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries and the Queens Liberation Front.

Gender-nonconforming and trans activists including Marsha P. Johnson , Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona were confirmed to be "in the vanguard" of the rioting on the first night. Many support organizations for male cross-dressers began in the s and s, with most beginning as offshoots of Virginia Prince's organizations from the early s. TAO moved to Miami in , where it came to include several Puerto Rican and Cuban members, and soon grew into the first international transgender community organization.

Another significant event for activism occurred in , with the first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights held in Washington, D.

It drew between 75, and , [56] transgender people, lesbians, bisexual people, gay men, and straight allies to demand equal civil rights and urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation. The s also saw conflict between the transgender and lesbian communities in America.

And he said that while some MLops systems can manage a larger number of models, they might not have desired features such as robust data visualization capabilities or the ability to work on premises rather than in cloud environments. Titanfall had a low engagement with players post-release, despite huge initial sales. Archived from the original on July 5, Archived from the original on March 18, The team also overhauled the progression system and made subtle changes to the multiplayer to make the gameplay more fair. There was a time years ago where there were not that many enterprise CEOs who were well-versed in the cloud.

Categories:

• Binary Options
• Binary Options online
• Forex
• Forex Brokers
• Forex Bitcoin